TMA Political Science 12th April/2022

Political Science

Question : 1
Ans
Fundamental rights are enshrined under part III of the Indian Constitution which was adopted on 26th November 1949 but was put on use on 26th January 1950. These Fundamental rights guarantee that every citizen of this nation can live a life of peace and harmony throughout the territory of India and these rights were included in the constitution because they were considered to be essential for the development of each and every individual. People of all races, religion, caste, or sex, have been given the right to move to the Supreme Court or the High Court for the enforcement of these rights. These Fundamental rights are Divided into seven categories which are covered from Article 12 till Article 35 of the Indian Constitution.
Some of the Fundamental rights are available only to the citizens of India while some are available to everyone such as Indian citizens, foreign citizens, or even companies and corporations.

The state can impose reasonable restrictions on these rights, thus making them qualified and not absolute.

These fundamental rights are defended and guaranteed by the Supreme Court of India, hence the aggrieved party can directly move to the Supreme Court on the infringement of these rights.

These rights can be suspended during the operation of a National Emergency except the rights defined under Article 20 and 21.

The application of these rights can be restricted when a military rule is imposed under abnormal circumstances to restore order (Article 34) and is very different from the imposition of a national emergency.

The application of these rights can be restricted or abrogated by the parliament (Article 33), rights of armed forces, police forces, intelligence agencies, etc. can be restricted by this Article.

Question : 2
Ans
As a biology student one can increase the awareness about infertility which is the inability to produce children. The reason for infertility can be physical, congenital, disease, and physiological too.

it is to be kept in mind that the problem is not always from the female side. The male partner can also be infertile. 

The inability of male parer to ejaculate or have very low sperm count in the semen or low sperm motility, importance can leads to infertility in males. 

In females, the inability to produce an ovum, or the problems during fertilization, the uterus is not susceptible are the problems that can lead to infertility. When we increase the awareness about infertility and use of assisted reproductive technology then only the condition can improve.

Question : 3
Ans
Communal violence involves people belonging to two different religious communities mobilised against each other and carrying the feelings of hostility, emotional fury, exploitation, social discrimination and social neglect. The high degree of cohesion in one community against another is built around tension and polarisation. The targets of attack are the members of the ‘enemy’ community. Generally, there is no leadership in communal riots which could effectively control and contain the riot situ­ation. It could thus be said that communal violence is based mainly on hatred, enmity and revenge.
Communal violence has increased quantitatively and qualitatively ever since politics came to be communalised. Gandhi was its first victim followed by the murder of many persons in the 1970s and the 1980s. Fol­lowing destruction of Babri structure in Ayodhya in December 1992, and bomb blasts in Bombay in early 1993, communal riots in Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Kerala have considerably in­creased.While some political parties tolerate ethno-religious communalism, a few others even encourage it. Recent examples of this tolerance, indifference to and passive acceptance of or even connivance of the activities of religious organisations by certain political leaders and some political parties are found in attacks on Christian missionaries and in violent activities against Christians in Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Allahabad.
Emergency of the mid-1970s commenced the trend of criminal elements entering mainstream politics. This phenomenon has now en­trenched itself in Indian politics to such an extent that religious fanaticism, casteism and mixing of religion and politics have increased in varied dimensions. Political parties and political leaders adopt ‘holier than thou’ attitude in relation to each other instead of taking a collective stand against these negative impulses affecting our society.
The Hindu organisations blame Muslims and Christians for forcibly converting Hindus to their religions. Without indulging in the contro­versy whether prosylitisation or religious conversions were coercive or voluntary, it may only be said that raising this issue today is patently irra­tional fanaticism. Hinduism has been tolerant and talks about all humanity being one family.

Question : 4
Ans:
While some political parties tolerate ethno-religious communalism, a few others even encourage it. Recent examples of this tolerance, indifference to and passive acceptance of or even connivance of the activities of religious organisations by certain political leaders and some political parties are found in attacks on Christian missionaries and in violent activities against Christians in Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Allahabad.
Emergency of the mid-1970s commenced the trend of criminal elements entering mainstream politics. This phenomenon has now en­trenched itself in Indian politics to such an extent that religious fanaticism, casteism and mixing of religion and politics have increased in varied dimensions. Political parties and political leaders adopt ‘holier than thou’ attitude in relation to each other instead of taking a collective stand against these negative impulses affecting our society.
The Hindu organisations blame Muslims and Christians for forcibly converting Hindus to their religions. Without indulging in the contro­versy whether prosylitisation or religious conversions were coercive or voluntary, it may only be said that raising this issue today is patently irra­tional fanaticism. Hinduism has been tolerant and talks about all humanity being one family.

Question : 5
AnsThere is no silver bullet for fighting corruption. Many countries have made significant progress in curbing corruption, however practitioners are always on the lookout for solutions and evidence of impact. Here are five ways that citizens and governments can make progress in the fight against corruption:

1. End impunity

Effective law enforcement is essential to ensure the corrupt are punished and break the cycle of impunity, or freedom from punishment or loss.

Successful enforcement approaches are supported by a strong legal framework, law enforcement branches and an independent and effective court system. Civil society can support the process with initiatives such as Transparency International’s Unmask the Corrupt campaign.

2. Reform public administration and finance management

Reforms focussing on improving financial management and strengthening the role of auditing agencies have in many countries achieved greater impact than public sector reforms on curbing corruption.

One such reform is the disclosure of budget information, which prevents waste and misappropriation of resources. For example, Transparency International Sri Lanka promotes transparent and participatory budgeting by training local communities to comment on the proposed budgets of their local government.

3. Promote transparency and access to information

Countries successful at curbing corruption have a long tradition of government openness, freedom of the press, transparency and access to information. Access to information increases the responsiveness of government bodies, while simultaneously having a positive effect on the levels of public participation in a country.